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---
name: accessibility
description: Audit and improve web accessibility following WCAG 2.2 guidelines. Use when asked to "improve accessibility", "a11y audit", "WCAG compliance", "screen reader support", "keyboard navigation", or "make accessible".
license: MIT
metadata:
author: web-quality-skills
version: "1.1"
---
# Accessibility (a11y)
Comprehensive accessibility guidelines based on WCAG 2.2 and Lighthouse accessibility audits. Goal: make content usable by everyone, including people with disabilities.
## WCAG Principles: POUR
| Principle | Description |
|-----------|-------------|
| **P**erceivable | Content can be perceived through different senses |
| **O**perable | Interface can be operated by all users |
| **U**nderstandable | Content and interface are understandable |
| **R**obust | Content works with assistive technologies |
## Conformance levels
| Level | Requirement | Target |
|-------|-------------|--------|
| **A** | Minimum accessibility | Must pass |
| **AA** | Standard compliance | Should pass (legal requirement in many jurisdictions) |
| **AAA** | Enhanced accessibility | Nice to have |
---
## Perceivable
### Text alternatives (1.1)
**Images require alt text:**
```html
<!-- ❌ Missing alt -->
<img src="chart.png">
<!-- ✅ Descriptive alt -->
<img src="chart.png" alt="Bar chart showing 40% increase in Q3 sales">
<!-- ✅ Decorative image (empty alt) -->
<img src="decorative-border.png" alt="" role="presentation">
<!-- ✅ Complex image with longer description -->
<figure>
<img src="infographic.png" alt="2024 market trends infographic"
aria-describedby="infographic-desc">
<figcaption id="infographic-desc">
<!-- Detailed description -->
</figcaption>
</figure>
```
**Icon buttons need accessible names:**
```html
<!-- ❌ No accessible name -->
<button><svg><!-- menu icon --></svg></button>
<!-- ✅ Using aria-label -->
<button aria-label="Open menu">
<svg aria-hidden="true"><!-- menu icon --></svg>
</button>
<!-- ✅ Using visually hidden text -->
<button>
<svg aria-hidden="true"><!-- menu icon --></svg>
<span class="visually-hidden">Open menu</span>
</button>
```
**Visually hidden class:**
```css
.visually-hidden {
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
padding: 0;
margin: -1px;
overflow: hidden;
clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
white-space: nowrap;
border: 0;
}
```
### Color contrast (1.4.3, 1.4.6)
| Text Size | AA minimum | AAA enhanced |
|-----------|------------|--------------|
| Normal text (< 18px / < 14px bold) | 4.5:1 | 7:1 |
| Large text (≥ 18px / ≥ 14px bold) | 3:1 | 4.5:1 |
| UI components & graphics | 3:1 | 3:1 |
```css
/* ❌ Low contrast (2.5:1) */
.low-contrast {
color: #999;
background: #fff;
}
/* ✅ Sufficient contrast (7:1) */
.high-contrast {
color: #333;
background: #fff;
}
/* ✅ Focus states need contrast too */
:focus-visible {
outline: 2px solid #005fcc;
outline-offset: 2px;
}
```
**Don't rely on color alone:**
```html
<!-- ❌ Only color indicates error -->
<input class="error-border">
<style>.error-border { border-color: red; }</style>
<!-- ✅ Color + icon + text -->
<div class="field-error">
<input aria-invalid="true" aria-describedby="email-error">
<span id="email-error" class="error-message">
<svg aria-hidden="true"><!-- error icon --></svg>
Please enter a valid email address
</span>
</div>
```
### Media alternatives (1.2)
```html
<!-- Video with captions -->
<video controls>
<source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<track kind="captions" src="captions.vtt" srclang="en" label="English" default>
<track kind="descriptions" src="descriptions.vtt" srclang="en" label="Descriptions">
</video>
<!-- Audio with transcript -->
<audio controls>
<source src="podcast.mp3" type="audio/mp3">
</audio>
<details>
<summary>Transcript</summary>
<p>Full transcript text...</p>
</details>
```
---
## Operable
### Keyboard accessible (2.1)
**All functionality must be keyboard accessible:**
```javascript
// ❌ Only handles click
element.addEventListener('click', handleAction);
// ✅ Handles both click and keyboard
element.addEventListener('click', handleAction);
element.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') {
e.preventDefault();
handleAction();
}
});
```
**No keyboard traps.** Users must be able to Tab into and out of every component. Use the [modal focus trap pattern](references/A11Y-PATTERNS.md#modal-focus-trap) for dialogs—the native `<dialog>` element handles this automatically.
### Focus visible (2.4.7)
```css
/* ❌ Never remove focus outlines */
*:focus { outline: none; }
/* ✅ Use :focus-visible for keyboard-only focus */
:focus {
outline: none;
}
:focus-visible {
outline: 2px solid #005fcc;
outline-offset: 2px;
}
/* ✅ Or custom focus styles */
button:focus-visible {
box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(0, 95, 204, 0.5);
}
```
### Focus not obscured (2.4.11) — new in 2.2
When an element receives keyboard focus, it must not be entirely hidden by other author-created content such as sticky headers, footers, or overlapping panels. At Level AAA (2.4.12), no part of the focused element may be hidden.
```css
/* ✅ Account for sticky headers when scrolling to focused elements */
:target {
scroll-margin-top: 80px;
}
/* ✅ Ensure focused items clear fixed/sticky bars */
:focus {
scroll-margin-top: 80px;
scroll-margin-bottom: 60px;
}
```
### Skip links (2.4.1)
Provide a skip link so keyboard users can bypass repetitive navigation. See the [skip link pattern](references/A11Y-PATTERNS.md#skip-link) for full markup and styles.
### Target size (2.5.8) — new in 2.2
Interactive targets must be at least **24 × 24 CSS pixels** (AA). Exceptions: inline text links, elements where the browser controls the size, and targets where a 24px circle centered on the bounding box does not overlap another target.
```css
/* ✅ Minimum target size */
button,
[role="button"],
input[type="checkbox"] + label,
input[type="radio"] + label {
min-width: 24px;
min-height: 24px;
}
/* ✅ Comfortable target size (recommended 44×44) */
.touch-target {
min-width: 44px;
min-height: 44px;
display: inline-flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
```
### Dragging movements (2.5.7) — new in 2.2
Any action that requires dragging must have a single-pointer alternative (e.g., buttons, inputs). See the [dragging movements pattern](references/A11Y-PATTERNS.md#dragging-movements) for a sortable-list example.
### Timing (2.2)
```javascript
// Allow users to extend time limits
function showSessionWarning() {
const modal = createModal({
title: 'Session Expiring',
content: 'Your session will expire in 2 minutes.',
actions: [
{ label: 'Extend session', action: extendSession },
{ label: 'Log out', action: logout }
],
timeout: 120000
});
}
```
### Motion (2.3)
```css
/* Respect reduced motion preference */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
*,
*::before,
*::after {
animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
scroll-behavior: auto !important;
}
}
```
---
## Understandable
### Page language (3.1.1)
```html
<!-- ❌ No language specified -->
<html>
<!-- ✅ Language specified -->
<html lang="en">
<!-- ✅ Language changes within page -->
<p>The French word for hello is <span lang="fr">bonjour</span>.</p>
```
### Consistent navigation (3.2.3)
```html
<!-- Navigation should be consistent across pages -->
<nav aria-label="Main">
<ul>
<li><a href="/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/products">Products</a></li>
<li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
```
### Consistent help (3.2.6) — new in 2.2
If a help mechanism (contact info, chat widget, FAQ link, self-help option) is repeated across multiple pages, it must appear in the **same relative order** each time. Users who rely on consistent placement shouldn't have to hunt for help on every page.
### Form labels (3.3.2)
Every input needs a programmatically associated label. See the [form labels pattern](references/A11Y-PATTERNS.md#form-labels) for explicit, implicit, and instructional examples.
### Error handling (3.3.1, 3.3.3)
Announce errors to screen readers with `role="alert"` or `aria-live`, set `aria-invalid="true"` on invalid fields, and focus the first error on submit. See the [error handling pattern](references/A11Y-PATTERNS.md#error-handling) for full markup and JS.
### Redundant entry (3.3.7) — new in 2.2
Don't force users to re-enter information they already provided in the same session. Auto-populate from earlier steps, or let users select from previously entered values. Exceptions: security re-confirmation and content that has expired.
```html
<!-- ✅ Auto-fill shipping address from billing -->
<fieldset>
<legend>Shipping address</legend>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" id="same-as-billing" checked>
Same as billing address
</label>
<!-- Fields auto-populated when checked -->
</fieldset>
```
### Accessible authentication (3.3.8) — new in 2.2
Login flows must not rely on cognitive function tests (e.g., remembering a password, solving a puzzle) unless at least one of:
- A copy-paste or autofill mechanism is available
- An alternative method exists (e.g., passkey, SSO, email link)
- The test uses object recognition or personal content (AA only; AAA removes this exception)
```html
<!-- ✅ Allow paste in password fields -->
<input type="password" id="password" autocomplete="current-password">
<!-- ✅ Offer passwordless alternatives -->
<button type="button">Sign in with passkey</button>
<button type="button">Email me a login link</button>
```
---
## Robust
### ARIA usage (4.1.2)
**Prefer native elements:**
```html
<!-- ❌ ARIA role on div -->
<div role="button" tabindex="0">Click me</div>
<!-- ✅ Native button -->
<button>Click me</button>
<!-- ❌ ARIA checkbox -->
<div role="checkbox" aria-checked="false">Option</div>
<!-- ✅ Native checkbox -->
<label><input type="checkbox"> Option</label>
```
**When ARIA is needed,** use the correct roles and states. See the [ARIA tabs pattern](references/A11Y-PATTERNS.md#aria-tabs) for a complete tablist example.
### Live regions (4.1.3)
Use `aria-live` regions to announce dynamic content changes without moving focus. See the [live regions pattern](references/A11Y-PATTERNS.md#live-regions-and-notifications) for markup and a `showNotification()` helper.
---
## Testing checklist
### Automated testing
```bash
# Lighthouse accessibility audit
npx lighthouse https://example.com --only-categories=accessibility
# axe-core
npm install @axe-core/cli -g
axe https://example.com
```
### Manual testing
- [ ] **Keyboard navigation:** Tab through entire page, use Enter/Space to activate
- [ ] **Screen reader:** Test with VoiceOver (Mac), NVDA (Windows), or TalkBack (Android)
- [ ] **Zoom:** Content usable at 200% zoom
- [ ] **High contrast:** Test with Windows High Contrast Mode
- [ ] **Reduced motion:** Test with `prefers-reduced-motion: reduce`
- [ ] **Focus order:** Logical and follows visual order
- [ ] **Target size:** Interactive elements meet 24×24px minimum
See the [screen reader commands reference](references/A11Y-PATTERNS.md#screen-reader-commands) for VoiceOver and NVDA shortcuts.
---
## Common issues by impact
### Critical (fix immediately)
1. Missing form labels
2. Missing image alt text
3. Insufficient color contrast
4. Keyboard traps
5. No focus indicators
### Serious (fix before launch)
1. Missing page language
2. Missing heading structure
3. Non-descriptive link text
4. Auto-playing media
5. Missing skip links
### Moderate (fix soon)
1. Missing ARIA labels on icons
2. Inconsistent navigation
3. Missing error identification
4. Timing without controls
5. Missing landmark regions
## References
- [WCAG 2.2 Quick Reference](https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG22/quickref/)
- [WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices](https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/)
- [Deque axe Rules](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/)
- [Web Quality Audit](../web-quality-audit/SKILL.md)
- [WCAG criteria reference](references/WCAG.md)
- [Accessibility code patterns](references/A11Y-PATTERNS.md)

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# Accessibility Code Patterns
Practical, copy-paste-ready patterns for common accessibility requirements. Each pattern is self-contained and linked from the main [SKILL.md](../SKILL.md).
---
## Modal focus trap
Trap keyboard focus inside a modal dialog so Tab/Shift+Tab cycle through its focusable elements and Escape closes it.
```javascript
function openModal(modal) {
const focusableElements = modal.querySelectorAll(
'button, [href], input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])'
);
const firstElement = focusableElements[0];
const lastElement = focusableElements[focusableElements.length - 1];
modal.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
if (e.key === 'Tab') {
if (e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === firstElement) {
e.preventDefault();
lastElement.focus();
} else if (!e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === lastElement) {
e.preventDefault();
firstElement.focus();
}
}
if (e.key === 'Escape') {
closeModal();
}
});
firstElement.focus();
}
```
The native `<dialog>` element handles focus trapping automatically—prefer it when browser support allows.
---
## Skip link
Allows keyboard users to bypass repetitive navigation and jump straight to main content.
```html
<body>
<a href="#main-content" class="skip-link">Skip to main content</a>
<header><!-- navigation --></header>
<main id="main-content" tabindex="-1">
<!-- main content -->
</main>
</body>
```
```css
.skip-link {
position: absolute;
top: -40px;
left: 0;
background: #000;
color: #fff;
padding: 8px 16px;
z-index: 100;
}
.skip-link:focus {
top: 0;
}
```
---
## Error handling
Announce errors to screen readers and focus the first invalid field on submit.
```html
<form novalidate>
<div class="field" aria-live="polite">
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input type="email" id="email"
aria-invalid="true"
aria-describedby="email-error">
<p id="email-error" class="error" role="alert">
Please enter a valid email address (e.g., name@example.com)
</p>
</div>
</form>
```
```javascript
form.addEventListener('submit', (e) => {
const firstError = form.querySelector('[aria-invalid="true"]');
if (firstError) {
e.preventDefault();
firstError.focus();
const errorSummary = document.getElementById('error-summary');
errorSummary.textContent =
`${errors.length} errors found. Please fix them and try again.`;
errorSummary.focus();
}
});
```
---
## Form labels
Every input needs an associated label—either explicit (`for`/`id`) or implicit (wrapping `<label>`).
```html
<!-- ❌ No label association -->
<input type="email" placeholder="Email">
<!-- ✅ Explicit label -->
<label for="email">Email address</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email"
autocomplete="email" required>
<!-- ✅ Implicit label -->
<label>
Email address
<input type="email" name="email" autocomplete="email" required>
</label>
<!-- ✅ With instructions -->
<label for="password">Password</label>
<input type="password" id="password"
aria-describedby="password-requirements">
<p id="password-requirements">
Must be at least 8 characters with one number.
</p>
```
---
## Dragging movements
Any action triggered by dragging must offer a single-pointer alternative (WCAG 2.5.7).
```html
<!-- ❌ Drag-only reorder -->
<ul class="sortable-list" draggable="true">
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
</ul>
<!-- ✅ Drag + button alternatives -->
<ul class="sortable-list">
<li>
<span>Item 1</span>
<button aria-label="Move Item 1 up">↑</button>
<button aria-label="Move Item 1 down">↓</button>
</li>
<li>
<span>Item 2</span>
<button aria-label="Move Item 2 up">↑</button>
<button aria-label="Move Item 2 down">↓</button>
</li>
</ul>
```
Also applies to sliders, map panning, colour pickers, and similar drag-based widgets—always provide an equivalent click/tap or keyboard path.
---
## ARIA tabs
Tabs require `role="tablist"`, `role="tab"`, and `role="tabpanel"` with proper `aria-selected`, `aria-controls`, and keyboard support.
```html
<div role="tablist" aria-label="Product information">
<button role="tab" id="tab-1" aria-selected="true"
aria-controls="panel-1">Description</button>
<button role="tab" id="tab-2" aria-selected="false"
aria-controls="panel-2" tabindex="-1">Reviews</button>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-1" aria-labelledby="tab-1">
<!-- Panel content -->
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-2" aria-labelledby="tab-2" hidden>
<!-- Panel content -->
</div>
```
Arrow keys should move focus between tabs; the active tab receives `tabindex="0"` while inactive tabs use `tabindex="-1"`.
---
## Live regions and notifications
Use `aria-live` to announce dynamic content changes to screen readers without moving focus.
```html
<!-- Status updates (polite — waits for pause in speech) -->
<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="status">
<!-- Content updates announced to screen readers -->
</div>
<!-- Urgent alerts (assertive — interrupts) -->
<div role="alert" aria-live="assertive">
<!-- Interrupts current announcement -->
</div>
```
```javascript
function showNotification(message, type = 'polite') {
const container = document.getElementById(`${type}-announcer`);
container.textContent = '';
requestAnimationFrame(() => {
container.textContent = message;
});
}
```
Clear the container before writing to ensure the same message triggers a new announcement.
---
## Screen reader commands
Quick reference for the most common screen reader shortcuts.
| Action | VoiceOver (Mac) | NVDA (Windows) |
|--------|-----------------|----------------|
| Start/Stop | ⌘ + F5 | Ctrl + Alt + N |
| Next item | VO + → | ↓ |
| Previous item | VO + ← | ↑ |
| Activate | VO + Space | Enter |
| Headings list | VO + U, then arrows | H / Shift + H |
| Links list | VO + U | K / Shift + K |

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# WCAG 2.2 Quick Reference
## Success criteria by level
### Level A (minimum)
| Criterion | Description |
|-----------|-------------|
| **1.1.1** Non-text Content | All images, icons have text alternatives |
| **1.2.1** Audio-only/Video-only | Provide transcript or audio description |
| **1.2.2** Captions | Video with audio has captions |
| **1.2.3** Audio Description | Video has audio description |
| **1.3.1** Info and Relationships | Information conveyed through presentation is available programmatically |
| **1.3.2** Meaningful Sequence | Reading order is logical |
| **1.3.3** Sensory Characteristics | Instructions don't rely solely on shape, color, size, location, orientation, or sound |
| **1.4.1** Use of Color | Color is not the only visual means of conveying information |
| **1.4.2** Audio Control | Audio playing automatically can be paused/stopped |
| **2.1.1** Keyboard | All functionality available via keyboard |
| **2.1.2** No Keyboard Trap | Keyboard focus can be moved away from any component |
| **2.1.4** Character Key Shortcuts | Single-key shortcuts can be turned off or remapped |
| **2.2.1** Timing Adjustable | Time limits can be extended |
| **2.2.2** Pause, Stop, Hide | Moving/blinking content can be paused |
| **2.3.1** Three Flashes | Nothing flashes more than 3 times per second |
| **2.4.1** Bypass Blocks | Skip link or landmark navigation available |
| **2.4.2** Page Titled | Pages have descriptive titles |
| **2.4.3** Focus Order | Focus order preserves meaning |
| **2.4.4** Link Purpose | Link purpose clear from link text or context |
| **2.5.1** Pointer Gestures | Multi-point gestures have single-pointer alternatives |
| **2.5.2** Pointer Cancellation | Down-event doesn't trigger action (use up-event or click) |
| **2.5.3** Label in Name | Accessible name contains visible label text |
| **2.5.4** Motion Actuation | Motion-triggered functions have alternatives |
| **3.1.1** Language of Page | Default language specified in HTML |
| **3.2.1** On Focus | Focus doesn't trigger unexpected changes |
| **3.2.2** On Input | Input doesn't trigger unexpected changes |
| **3.2.6** Consistent Help | Help mechanisms appear in the same relative order across pages |
| **3.3.1** Error Identification | Input errors clearly described |
| **3.3.2** Labels or Instructions | Form inputs have labels or instructions |
| **3.3.7** Redundant Entry | Information previously entered is auto-populated or available to select |
| **4.1.2** Name, Role, Value | UI components have accessible names and correct roles |
### Level AA (standard)
| Criterion | Description |
|-----------|-------------|
| **1.2.4** Captions (Live) | Live audio has captions |
| **1.2.5** Audio Description | Pre-recorded video has audio description |
| **1.3.4** Orientation | Content doesn't restrict orientation |
| **1.3.5** Identify Input Purpose | Input purpose can be programmatically determined |
| **1.4.3** Contrast (Minimum) | 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text |
| **1.4.4** Resize Text | Text can be resized to 200% without loss of functionality |
| **1.4.5** Images of Text | Text used instead of images of text |
| **1.4.10** Reflow | Content reflows at 320px width without horizontal scroll |
| **1.4.11** Non-text Contrast | UI components have 3:1 contrast |
| **1.4.12** Text Spacing | Content adapts to text spacing changes |
| **1.4.13** Content on Hover/Focus | Additional content is dismissible, hoverable, persistent |
| **2.4.5** Multiple Ways | Multiple ways to find pages |
| **2.4.6** Headings and Labels | Headings and labels are descriptive |
| **2.4.7** Focus Visible | Focus indicator is visible |
| **2.4.11** Focus Not Obscured (Minimum) | Focused element is not entirely hidden by author-created content |
| **2.5.7** Dragging Movements | Dragging actions have single-pointer alternatives |
| **2.5.8** Target Size (Minimum) | Interactive targets are at least 24×24 CSS pixels (with exceptions) |
| **3.1.2** Language of Parts | Language changes are marked |
| **3.2.3** Consistent Navigation | Navigation is consistent across pages |
| **3.2.4** Consistent Identification | Same functionality uses same labels |
| **3.3.3** Error Suggestion | Error corrections suggested when known |
| **3.3.4** Error Prevention (Legal) | Actions can be reversed or confirmed |
| **3.3.8** Accessible Authentication (Minimum) | No cognitive function test for login unless an alternative or assistance is provided |
| **4.1.3** Status Messages | Status messages announced to screen readers |
### Level AAA (enhanced)
| Criterion | Description |
|-----------|-------------|
| **1.4.6** Contrast (Enhanced) | 7:1 for normal text, 4.5:1 for large text |
| **1.4.8** Visual Presentation | Foreground/background colors can be selected |
| **1.4.9** Images of Text (No Exception) | No images of text |
| **2.1.3** Keyboard (No Exception) | All functionality keyboard accessible |
| **2.2.3** No Timing | No time limits |
| **2.2.4** Interruptions | Interruptions can be postponed |
| **2.2.5** Re-authenticating | Data preserved on re-authentication |
| **2.2.6** Timeouts | Users warned about data loss from inactivity |
| **2.3.2** Three Flashes | No content flashes more than 3 times |
| **2.3.3** Animation from Interactions | Motion animation can be disabled |
| **2.4.8** Location | User location within site is available |
| **2.4.9** Link Purpose (Link Only) | Link purpose clear from link text alone |
| **2.4.10** Section Headings | Sections have headings |
| **2.4.12** Focus Not Obscured (Enhanced) | No part of the focused element is hidden by author-created content |
| **2.4.13** Focus Appearance | Focus indicator has sufficient area, contrast, and is not obscured |
| **3.1.3** Unusual Words | Definitions available for unusual words |
| **3.1.4** Abbreviations | Abbreviations expanded |
| **3.1.5** Reading Level | Alternative content for complex text |
| **3.1.6** Pronunciation | Pronunciation available where needed |
| **3.2.5** Change on Request | Changes initiated only by user |
| **3.3.5** Help | Context-sensitive help available |
| **3.3.6** Error Prevention (All) | All form submissions can be reviewed |
| **3.3.9** Accessible Authentication (Enhanced) | No cognitive function test for login (no object or personal content recognition exceptions) |
## Common ARIA patterns
### Buttons
```html
<button>Label</button>
<!-- or -->
<button aria-label="Close dialog">×</button>
```
### Links
```html
<a href="/page">Descriptive link text</a>
<!-- External links -->
<a href="https://external.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
External site
<span class="visually-hidden">(opens in new tab)</span>
</a>
```
### Form fields
```html
<label for="email">Email address</label>
<input type="email" id="email" aria-describedby="email-hint">
<p id="email-hint">We'll never share your email.</p>
```
### Error states
```html
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input type="email" id="email" aria-invalid="true" aria-describedby="email-error">
<p id="email-error" role="alert">Please enter a valid email address.</p>
```
### Navigation
```html
<nav aria-label="Main">
<ul>
<li><a href="/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
```
### Modals
```html
<div role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="dialog-title">
<h2 id="dialog-title">Confirm Action</h2>
<!-- content -->
</div>
```
### Live regions
```html
<!-- Polite (waits for pause in speech) -->
<div aria-live="polite">Status update here</div>
<!-- Assertive (interrupts immediately) -->
<div aria-live="assertive" role="alert">Error message here</div>
<!-- Status (polite, implicit) -->
<div role="status">Loading complete</div>
```
## What changed from 2.1 to 2.2
| Change | Criterion | Level |
|--------|-----------|-------|
| **Removed** | 4.1.1 Parsing | A |
| **Added** | 2.4.11 Focus Not Obscured (Minimum) | AA |
| **Added** | 2.4.12 Focus Not Obscured (Enhanced) | AAA |
| **Added** | 2.4.13 Focus Appearance | AAA |
| **Added** | 2.5.7 Dragging Movements | AA |
| **Added** | 2.5.8 Target Size (Minimum) | AA |
| **Added** | 3.2.6 Consistent Help | A |
| **Added** | 3.3.7 Redundant Entry | A |
| **Added** | 3.3.8 Accessible Authentication (Minimum) | AA |
| **Added** | 3.3.9 Accessible Authentication (Enhanced) | AAA |
## Testing tools
| Tool | Type | URL |
|------|------|-----|
| axe DevTools | Browser extension | [deque.com/axe](https://www.deque.com/axe/) |
| WAVE | Browser extension | [wave.webaim.org](https://wave.webaim.org/) |
| Lighthouse | Built into Chrome | DevTools → Lighthouse |
| NVDA | Screen reader (Windows) | [nvaccess.org](https://www.nvaccess.org/) |
| VoiceOver | Screen reader (Mac) | Built into macOS |
| Colour Contrast Analyser | Desktop app | [tpgi.com](https://www.tpgi.com/color-contrast-checker/) |
## Sources
- [WCAG 2.2 W3C Recommendation](https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/)
- [WCAG 2.2 Quick Reference](https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG22/quickref/)
- [What's New in WCAG 2.2](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/new-in-22/)